Which foodborne illness is typically caused by contaminated water or food?

Norovirus is often associated with outbreaks linked to contaminated water or food. It is highly contagious and can spread through direct contact with infected individuals or through contaminated surfaces and food. Contaminated food can include raw or undercooked shellfish, fruits, and vegetables that have come into contact with contaminated water, particularly in settings such as restaurants or catered events.

In contrast, while E. coli can also be linked to food and water, its transmission is typically associated with undercooked beef or unpasteurized dairy. Salmonella is primarily transmitted through contaminated poultry and eggs, whereas Shigella is mainly spread through direct person-to-person contact or via contaminated water. This specificity in transmission routes highlights why norovirus is more closely associated with foodborne transmission from contaminated sources.